造纸工业生产分为两个主要工艺阶段，即制浆和抄纸。制浆是把植物原料中的纤维分离出来，制成浆料，再经漂白；抄纸则是把浆料稀释、成型、压榨、烘干制成纸张。这两项工艺都要耗用大量的水，其中大部分作为废水排出。

Paper industry production is divided into two main stages, namely pulping and paper making. Pulping is the separation of the fiber from the plant material, which is made into pulp and then bleached. The paper is made from the pulp diluted, molded, pressed and dried. Most of the two processes consume large amounts of water, most of which are used as effluents.

造纸工业废水的特点是废水排放量大，BOD高，废水中纤维悬浮物多，而且含二价硫和带色，并有硫醇类恶臭气味。

The paper industry wastewater is characterized by large amount of wastewater discharge, high BOD, more fiber suspended solids in wastewater, and contains two valence sulfur and color, and has the odor of mercaptan odor.

制浆造纸废水的成分很复杂，其组分不仅取决于纸浆的方法，也取决于所产品种和原料种类等多种因素。造纸工业废水中的悬浮物质主要来自备料工段的树皮、草屑、泥沙以及随水排放的炉灰、矿渣、制浆造纸各工序流失的纤维、填料等；废水中BOD主要来源于制浆蒸煮工序，如纤维素分解生成的糖类、醇类、有机酸等，在化学浆中，蒸煮废液的BOD5发生量占80%以上；废水中的COD和着色物质主要来源于制浆蒸煮工序的木素及其衍生物；废水中的有毒物质主要有蒸煮废液中的粗硫酸盐皂、漂白废水中的有机氯化物（如二氯苯酚、氯邻苯二酚等），还有微量的汞、酚等，但这些有毒物通常含量甚微，其中关于漂白废水中的有机氯化物的毒性和“三致”作用，在发达国家中已引起越来越大的关注。

The composition of pulping and papermaking wastewater is very complex, and its composition depends not only on the method of pulp, but also on the variety and raw material variety. Papermaking wastewater by suspended substances are mainly derived from the preparing process of bark, grass clippings, sediment and water discharge with ashes, slag, pulping and papermaking process, the loss of fiber filler; BOD in wastewater mainly comes from pulping processes, such as cellulose decomposition of sugars, alcohols, organic acids, in chemical pulp in the waste liquor of BOD5 accounted for more than 80%; lignin and its derivatives in wastewater COD and coloring materials are mainly derived from the pulp cooking process; toxic substances in wastewater are the main cooking waste in crude sulfate soap, organic chloride bleaching waste water (such as phenol, catechol and two chlorine chloride), and trace mercury, phenol and other toxic substances, but these usually content is little, the organic chloride in bleaching wastewater on the toxicity and the role of the "three letter", in the developed countries Has attracted more and more attention.

在我国，由于草类纤维原料比重大，企业规模小，生产工艺和设备落后，原材料、能源、耗水量大，使我国的制浆造纸工业的污染严重。

In our country, due to the large ratio of straw fiber raw material, small scale of enterprise, backward production process and equipment, raw materials, energy and water consumption, pollution of pulp and paper industry in our country is serious.

制浆造纸废水大致可分为：制浆蒸煮液、洗涤废水、漂白废水和纸机白水等。碱法纸浆蒸煮废液，又称“黑液”，是制浆厂的主要污染源。

Pulping and papermaking wastewater can be roughly divided into pulping effluent, washing wastewater, bleaching effluent and paper machine white water. Alkaline pulping waste liquor, also known as "black liquor", is the main source of pollution in pulp mills.

物理化学方法

Physical and chemical methods

在造纸废水的深度处理中？物理化学法具有治理快、处理效果好等优点，一般采用的方法包括，高级氧化法、絮凝沉淀法、膜分离法吸附法等。

In the advanced treatment of papermaking wastewater? Physical and chemical methods have the advantages of fast treatment and good treatment effect. The commonly used methods include advanced oxidation process, flocculation precipitation method, membrane separation method, adsorption method, etc..

高级氧化法

Advanced oxidation process

高级氧化法(Advanced Oxidation Processes 简称AOPs)又称深度氧化技术，是20世纪80年代发展起来的一种用于处理难降解有机污染物的新技术。在氧化剂、电、声、光辐照、催化剂等作用下产生氧化能力极强( 其电位2.80V，仅次于氟的2.87V)的·OH，再通过·OH与有机化合物间的加成、取代、电子转移、断键、开环等作用，使废水中难降解的大分子有机物氧化降解成低毒或无毒的小分子物质，甚至直接分解成为CO: 和H:O，达到无害化的目的。

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), also known as deep oxidation technology, is a new technology developed in 1980s for the treatment of refractory organic pollutants. The effect of oxidant, electricity, sound and light irradiation and catalyst produced by strong oxidation ability (the potential of 2.80V, after 2.87V and OH fluoride), followed by OH and organic compounds between addition and substitution, electron transfer, bond breaking, open loop and so on, the oxidation of organic macromolecules degradation in wastewater is difficult to be degraded into small molecules of low toxic or nontoxic, even directly decomposed into CO: and H:O, to achieve the purpose of harmless.

该技术具有反应速度快、处理效率高、对有毒污染物破坏彻底、无二次污染、适用范围广、易操作等优点，并被广泛应用于有毒难降解工业废水如制药、精细化工、印染等有机废水的处理中，已经逐渐成为难降解废水处理研究的热点。根据产生自由基的方式和反应条件的不同，可将其分为Fenton类氧化法、超临界水氧化法、光催化氧化法、超声氧化法、电催化氧化法、臭氧氧化法和湿式氧化法等。

The technology has the advantages of fast reaction speed, high processing efficiency, the destruction of toxic pollutants thoroughly, no two pollution, wide application range, easy operation and other advantages, and is widely used in the treatment of toxic and refractory industrial wastewater such as pharmaceutical, chemical, printing and dyeing wastewater, has gradually become the wastewater treatment research the hot. According to the free radical production and different reaction conditions, it can be divided into Fenton type oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, electro catalytic oxidation, ozone oxidation and wet oxidation method.